Battery chemistry defines energy density and charging speed. With LTO chemistry offering fast charging speeds and many cycles, LTO Fast Recharge being the best solution for 24/7 operations. GNMC chemistry offering high energy density allowing day-long operations and charge at night in the depot.

Every use case is different, even charging can be done via different principles (connector or pantograph) and with AC or DC. Furthermore, Hydrogen could add additional flexibility.

Further improvements of the above topics are expected: Any solution has to be future proof – i.e. smart and flexible enough to integrate technology evolution.

Battery costs were falling by 85% between 2010 and 2019. Battery Costs are supposed to undercut 100$ per kWh per module by 2025 (approx. 50% down from 2019 values). Chinese LFP cells already today reach a 100$ price level (Source Bloomberg NEF).

Following the advice of a bus manufacturer for the entire line concept risks deciding for a proprietary solution and limits potential future compatibility with better approaches.

Pilot testing is recommended to define your preference solution and to refine it during real life testing. In addition, passengers and public opinion might want to have a voice in order to achieve broad acceptance, before full network is switched.